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一、整体性 环境中的各种因素(物理的、化学的、生物的、社会的)不是孤立存在的,而是互相依存、互相影响、互相联系的。如环境中的碳、氧、氮、硫等物质在全球的生物化学循环中与整体环境之间就有着密不可分的联系,由于超音速飞机在平流层日益频繁的飞行,氮氧化物、氯氟烃(氟利昂)等进入平流层,导致臭氧层(ozone layer)破坏,从而减弱阻挡强紫外线辐射的能力,削弱了臭氧层对地面生物的保护作用;煤炭、石油等能源的燃烧导致二氧化碳等气体在大气中的含量增加,引起地球平均气温上升,构成温室效应*(greenhouse effect);人口激增、资源滥用等社会因素也会对整体环境产生影响。这些情况表明,某一项环境因素的变动都与整体环境息息相关。因此,人类在创造文明的同时,应充分注意合理开发和科学利用资源,调整和规范自己的社会行为,保护环境,保护健康。 二、区域性 环境除具有整体特征外,还具有区域性特征。如厂矿排出的有害废水对水系的污染影响多局限在下游沿岸一定地区范围的环境和居民,而厂矿排放的有害气体对大气的污染影响则多以厂矿为中心波及一定范围(尤其是下风向地区)地区的环境质量和居民健康。又如自然疫源性(生物源性)地方病和化学元素性(地球化学性)地方病也都具有严格的地方性区域特征,自然疫源性地方病由于病原体与所处地区内自然地理条件相适应,以及宿主生活习性的选择性生存特点决定了自然疫源性地方病区域性特征。化学元素性地方病的地域性特征则由地质地理等自然因素的分布所决定,且因地球化学元素在地球外壳的分布并不均匀,故它们呈现明显的区域性特征。 三、多变性 环境因素的多变性是指在自然和生物转化及人们社会行为的作用下,使环境从内部结构到外在状态处于变化过程中。人类认识环境多变性特征的重要意义在于可以促使人类主动地与自然界本身的运动相适应、相协调,使环境变迁向有利于人类生存发展,减少和消除不良环境因素作用,防止环境退化和保护健康。 四、生物富集(biological enrichment) 又称生物浓缩,是指生物体从周围环境中吸收某种浓度极低的元素或不易分解的化合物并逐渐积累,使生物体内该元素或化合物的浓度超过环境中浓度的作用过程。生物富集的程度用富集系数表示,即某种元素或难分解物质在生物体内的浓度与生物生长环境中该元素或化学物质浓度之比。该系数与环境中元素的种类和浓度,不同生物的生理生化特性及环境因素等有关。据报道,海水被DDT污染,浓度达0.00005ppm;经过浮游生物的富集,其体内可达0.04ppm(富集约1000倍);又当鱼吞食浮游生物后,在鱼体内又进一步富集到2.07ppm(富集约40000倍),鱼再经水鸟吞食,最终在鸟体内的富集竟可高达75.5ppm(富集约100万倍),导致水鸟大批中毒或死亡。 生物富集必须具备的条件是:①环境化学物质易为各种生物吸收;②进入生物体内的环境化学物质较难分解和排泄;③环境化学物质在生物体内富集和逐渐积累时,尚不致对该生物体造成致命伤害;④生物富集多通过食物链进行(生物系统中的各种生物之间,以摄食和被摄食的关系逐级传递物质和能量,彼此呈相互依存的链状关系,称食物链)。 (二)环境自争(environmental self-purification) 指受污染环境在物理、化学或生物因素作用下,使污染物浓度或总量降低的过程。降低的速度和数量因环境结构和状态的不同而有所差异。环境自净是运用环境因素自身的力量(物理净化、化学净化、生物净化)消除环境污染物,净化环境的重要途径(参见本章第四节环境污染)。 新译通专业卫生翻译的服务范围 Xinyitong Translation Co., Ltd is a professional translation agency. With a host number of full-time competent translators, GB can offer written translation and oral interpretation services in more than 30 languages, covering all possible areas.we can manage the localization project in a high level. With the idea of "Market for survival, quality for benefits, and management for progress", we firmly believe that we are top-grade professional service provider in China Ever since its foundation, the company has provided well-received services to hundreds of large-scale companies at home and abroad, many of them have long-term relationship with us.That is to say, any translating project must be completed by translators who have a concerned knowledge background. As the clients who want to overcome the barriers of language, they urgently need fast service with low cost under the condition of accuracy. we can manage the localization project in a high level. With the idea of "Market for survival, quality for benefits, and management for progress", we firmly believe that we are top-grade professional service provider in China. Xinyitong Translationization is the way the world is going. This is a society where information has become one of the most valuable commodities. And its effective presentation in different languages is an essential part of success in any field of endeavor. In this day and age, fast, accurate and professional translation cannot be dispensed with. We shall persistently follow our business belief "Accuracy, efficacy, and elegance" in offering you tsshe best translation services possible. With the translation services that we offer, you will find language is no longer a barrier between you and your international customers. With the translation services that we offer, you can reach out to potential clients and customers in every corner of the world. 新译通翻译公司下设全国各地分公司: |